Geography Optional – Paper II
Page 4 – Indian Drainage System
Concept Notes + Model Questions (Q61–80)
1. Introduction
India’s drainage system is broadly divided into:
- Himalayan Rivers – Perennial, snow-fed (Indus, Ganga, Brahmaputra)
- Peninsular Rivers – Seasonal, rain-fed (Godavari, Krishna, Cauvery)
2. Himalayan River System
- Antecedent rivers
- Deep gorges formation
- Large drainage basins
- Meandering and delta formation
3. Peninsular River System
- Old rivers with graded profile
- Dendritic drainage pattern
- East flowing rivers form large deltas
- West flowing rivers form estuaries
🧭 4. Drainage Patterns in India
- Dendritic
- Trellis
- Radial
- Rectangular
- Parallel
5. Issues in Indian Drainage
- River pollution
- Inter-state water disputes
- Floods and sedimentation
- Glacial retreat
📘 Model Questions & Answers (Q61–70)
Q61. Differentiate between Himalayan and Peninsular rivers.
Answer: Himalayan rivers are perennial, long, and form floodplains, while Peninsular rivers are seasonal, shorter, and flow over hard rock terrain.
Answer: Himalayan rivers are perennial, long, and form floodplains, while Peninsular rivers are seasonal, shorter, and flow over hard rock terrain.
Q62. Explain antecedent drainage with examples.
Answer: Antecedent rivers maintain their course despite tectonic uplift. Example: Indus and Brahmaputra rivers cutting across Himalayas.
Answer: Antecedent rivers maintain their course despite tectonic uplift. Example: Indus and Brahmaputra rivers cutting across Himalayas.
Q63. Discuss the significance of Ganga River system.
Answer: Ganga basin supports agriculture, hydropower, transportation and dense population settlement.
Answer: Ganga basin supports agriculture, hydropower, transportation and dense population settlement.
Q64. Why do west-flowing rivers form estuaries?
Answer: Due to steep gradient and narrow coastal plains, rivers like Narmada and Tapi form estuaries instead of deltas.
Answer: Due to steep gradient and narrow coastal plains, rivers like Narmada and Tapi form estuaries instead of deltas.
Q65. Analyse causes of floods in Brahmaputra basin.
Answer: Heavy rainfall, sediment load, tectonic activity, and deforestation cause frequent floods.
Answer: Heavy rainfall, sediment load, tectonic activity, and deforestation cause frequent floods.
📝 Short Analytical Questions (Q71–80)
- Q71. Explain river capture in India.
- Q72. Discuss delta formation in eastern coast.
- Q73. Why is Godavari called Dakshin Ganga?
- Q74. Explain inland drainage in Rajasthan.
- Q75. Analyse interlinking of rivers debate.
- Q76. Discuss river rejuvenation.
- Q77. Explain trellis drainage pattern.
- Q78. Assess role of rivers in regional planning.
- Q79. Evaluate river pollution challenges.
- Q80. Discuss sustainable river basin management.
Shaktimatha Learning | Geography Optional – Paper II | Page 4
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