Geography Optional – Paper II
Page 5 – Indian Climate & Monsoon System
Concept Notes + Model Questions (Q81–100)
1. Factors Influencing Indian Climate
- Latitude
- Altitude
- Pressure & Winds
- Distance from Sea (Continentality)
- Ocean Currents
- Relief Features (Himalayas & Western Ghats)
2. Mechanism of Indian Monsoon
- ITCZ Shift
- Mascarene High
- Jet Streams
- Thermal Contrast between Land & Sea
- Role of ENSO & Indian Ocean Dipole
3. Seasons in India
- Cold Weather Season (Winter)
- Hot Weather Season (Summer)
- Southwest Monsoon
- Retreating Monsoon
4. Variability & Climate Issues
- El Niño & La Niña
- Droughts & Floods
- Western Disturbances
- Climate Change Impact
📘 Model Questions & Answers (Q81–90)
Q81. Explain the factors controlling Indian climate.
Answer: Indian climate is influenced by latitude, altitude, pressure systems, monsoon winds, ocean currents, and relief features like Himalayas and Western Ghats.
Answer: Indian climate is influenced by latitude, altitude, pressure systems, monsoon winds, ocean currents, and relief features like Himalayas and Western Ghats.
Q82. Discuss the mechanism of Southwest Monsoon.
Answer: The Southwest Monsoon develops due to differential heating of land and sea, formation of low-pressure over northwest India, shift of ITCZ, and cross-equatorial trade winds.
Answer: The Southwest Monsoon develops due to differential heating of land and sea, formation of low-pressure over northwest India, shift of ITCZ, and cross-equatorial trade winds.
Q83. Analyse the role of Jet Streams in monsoon.
Answer: Subtropical Westerly Jet influences winter climate, while Tropical Easterly Jet aids monsoon onset.
Answer: Subtropical Westerly Jet influences winter climate, while Tropical Easterly Jet aids monsoon onset.
Q84. Explain El Niño’s impact on Indian monsoon.
Answer: El Niño weakens monsoon rainfall by altering Walker circulation and reducing moisture inflow.
Answer: El Niño weakens monsoon rainfall by altering Walker circulation and reducing moisture inflow.
Q85. Why does Tamil Nadu receive rainfall in winter?
Answer: Tamil Nadu receives rainfall from Northeast Monsoon during retreating monsoon season.
Answer: Tamil Nadu receives rainfall from Northeast Monsoon during retreating monsoon season.
Q86. Discuss Western Disturbances.
Answer: Western Disturbances are temperate cyclones originating in Mediterranean region, bringing winter rainfall to northwest India.
Answer: Western Disturbances are temperate cyclones originating in Mediterranean region, bringing winter rainfall to northwest India.
Q87. Explain monsoon variability.
Answer: Variability arises due to ENSO, IOD, snow cover, pressure changes and global warming.
Answer: Variability arises due to ENSO, IOD, snow cover, pressure changes and global warming.
Q88. Analyse the role of Himalayas in Indian climate.
Answer: Himalayas block cold winds and force monsoon winds to shed rainfall.
Answer: Himalayas block cold winds and force monsoon winds to shed rainfall.
Q89. Explain heat budget of India.
Answer: Heat budget refers to balance between incoming solar radiation and outgoing terrestrial radiation.
Answer: Heat budget refers to balance between incoming solar radiation and outgoing terrestrial radiation.
Q90. Evaluate climate change impact on Indian monsoon.
Answer: Climate change increases extreme rainfall events, glacier melting, and irregular monsoon patterns.
Answer: Climate change increases extreme rainfall events, glacier melting, and irregular monsoon patterns.
Short Analytical Questions (Q91–100)
- Q91. Explain ITCZ shift.
- Q92. Discuss Mascarene High.
- Q93. Compare Southwest and Northeast monsoon.
- Q94. Explain rainfall distribution pattern in India.
- Q95. Why does Rajasthan receive low rainfall?
- Q96. Discuss monsoon onset over Kerala.
- Q97. Explain burst of monsoon.
- Q98. Analyse role of Indian Ocean Dipole.
- Q99. Discuss urban heat island effect in India.
- Q100. Suggest measures for climate resilience.
Shaktimatha Learning | Geography Optional – Paper II | Page 5
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