Geography Optional – Paper II
Page 8 – Irrigation & Water Resources of India
Concept Notes + Model Questions (Q141–160)
1. Sources of Irrigation in India
- Canals
- Wells & Tube Wells
- Tanks
- Drip & Sprinkler Irrigation
2. Major River Valley Projects
- Bhakra-Nangal Project
- Hirakud Project
- Damodar Valley Project
- Narmada Valley Project
3. Groundwater Resources
- Alluvial Aquifers – North India
- Hard Rock Aquifers – Peninsular India
- Over-exploitation Issues
4. Water Resource Challenges
- Inter-State Water Disputes
- Groundwater Depletion
- Waterlogging & Salinity
- Climate Change Impact
Model Questions & Answers (Q141–150)
Q141. Classify sources of irrigation in India.
Answer: Irrigation sources include canals, wells, tube wells, tanks and modern micro-irrigation methods.
Answer: Irrigation sources include canals, wells, tube wells, tanks and modern micro-irrigation methods.
Q142. Discuss canal irrigation advantages.
Answer: Canals provide large-scale irrigation and support multi-cropping but may cause waterlogging.
Answer: Canals provide large-scale irrigation and support multi-cropping but may cause waterlogging.
Q143. Explain importance of tank irrigation in South India.
Answer: Tanks are traditional systems suited for hard rock regions with seasonal rainfall.
Answer: Tanks are traditional systems suited for hard rock regions with seasonal rainfall.
Q144. Analyse groundwater crisis in India.
Answer: Over-extraction for agriculture and urban use leads to falling water tables and sustainability concerns.
Answer: Over-extraction for agriculture and urban use leads to falling water tables and sustainability concerns.
Q145. Discuss multipurpose river valley projects.
Answer: These projects provide irrigation, power generation, flood control and drinking water.
Answer: These projects provide irrigation, power generation, flood control and drinking water.
Q146. Explain interlinking of rivers concept.
Answer: Aims to transfer water from surplus to deficit basins to reduce floods and droughts.
Answer: Aims to transfer water from surplus to deficit basins to reduce floods and droughts.
Q147. What are inter-state water disputes?
Answer: Conflicts between states over river water sharing, e.g., Cauvery dispute.
Answer: Conflicts between states over river water sharing, e.g., Cauvery dispute.
Q148. Explain waterlogging problem.
Answer: Excess irrigation raises water table, reducing soil fertility.
Answer: Excess irrigation raises water table, reducing soil fertility.
Q149. Analyse role of micro-irrigation.
Answer: Drip and sprinkler systems increase efficiency and reduce water wastage.
Answer: Drip and sprinkler systems increase efficiency and reduce water wastage.
Q150. Suggest measures for sustainable water management.
Answer: Rainwater harvesting, watershed management and efficient irrigation practices.
Answer: Rainwater harvesting, watershed management and efficient irrigation practices.
Short Analytical Questions (Q151–160)
- Q151. Compare canal and well irrigation.
- Q152. Explain watershed development.
- Q153. Discuss impact of dams on environment.
- Q154. Analyse flood management strategies.
- Q155. Explain drought-prone regions of India.
- Q156. Role of National Water Policy.
- Q157. Discuss desalination prospects in India.
- Q158. Explain rainwater harvesting techniques.
- Q159. Evaluate river basin planning.
- Q160. Impact of climate change on water resources.
Shaktimatha Learning | Geography Optional – Paper II | Page 8
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