Geography Optional – Paper II
Page 6 – Natural Vegetation & Soils of India
Concept Notes + Model Questions (Q101–120)
1. Natural Vegetation of India
- Tropical Evergreen Forests
- Tropical Deciduous Forests (Moist & Dry)
- Thorn & Scrub Forests
- Montane Forests
- Mangrove Forests
2. Factors Influencing Vegetation
- Climate (Temperature & Rainfall)
- Soil Type
- Relief & Altitude
- Human Interference
🌾 3. Major Soil Types in India
- Alluvial Soil
- Black Soil (Regur)
- Red Soil
- Laterite Soil
- Desert Soil
- Mountain Soil
4. Soil Degradation Issues
- Erosion (Wind & Water)
- Salinization
- Waterlogging
- Deforestation
📘 Model Questions & Answers (Q101–110)
Q101. Classify natural vegetation of India.
Answer: India’s vegetation includes Tropical Evergreen, Deciduous, Thorn, Montane and Mangrove forests based on rainfall, temperature and altitude.
Answer: India’s vegetation includes Tropical Evergreen, Deciduous, Thorn, Montane and Mangrove forests based on rainfall, temperature and altitude.
Q102. Explain the characteristics of Tropical Evergreen forests.
Answer: Found in high rainfall areas (>200 cm), dense, multi-layered canopy, evergreen trees like ebony, mahogany.
Answer: Found in high rainfall areas (>200 cm), dense, multi-layered canopy, evergreen trees like ebony, mahogany.
Q103. Discuss Tropical Deciduous forests.
Answer: Also called monsoon forests; shed leaves in dry season. Teak and sal are dominant species.
Answer: Also called monsoon forests; shed leaves in dry season. Teak and sal are dominant species.
Q104. Explain mangrove ecosystem in India.
Answer: Found in delta regions like Sundarbans; adapted to saline water and tidal conditions.
Answer: Found in delta regions like Sundarbans; adapted to saline water and tidal conditions.
Q105. Classify major soil types of India.
Answer: Alluvial, Black, Red, Laterite, Desert and Mountain soils.
Answer: Alluvial, Black, Red, Laterite, Desert and Mountain soils.
Q106. Discuss features of Black soil.
Answer: Rich in clay and lime, high moisture retention, suitable for cotton cultivation.
Answer: Rich in clay and lime, high moisture retention, suitable for cotton cultivation.
Q107. Explain laterite soil formation.
Answer: Formed due to intense leaching in high rainfall areas; rich in iron and aluminum.
Answer: Formed due to intense leaching in high rainfall areas; rich in iron and aluminum.
Q108. Analyse soil erosion causes in India.
Answer: Deforestation, overgrazing, improper farming practices and heavy rainfall.
Answer: Deforestation, overgrazing, improper farming practices and heavy rainfall.
Q109. Explain desert soil characteristics.
Answer: Sandy texture, low organic matter, saline nature, found in Rajasthan.
Answer: Sandy texture, low organic matter, saline nature, found in Rajasthan.
Q110. Suggest measures for soil conservation.
Answer: Contour ploughing, afforestation, terracing, check dams and crop rotation.
Answer: Contour ploughing, afforestation, terracing, check dams and crop rotation.
Short Analytical Questions (Q111–120)
- Q111. Compare Red and Black soils.
- Q112. Explain forest conservation strategies.
- Q113. Discuss biodiversity hotspots in India.
- Q114. Analyse role of Western Ghats in vegetation.
- Q115. Explain salinization problem.
- Q116. Discuss shifting cultivation impact.
- Q117. Explain agro-climatic zones of India.
- Q118. Evaluate impact of climate change on forests.
- Q119. Explain desertification in India.
- Q120. Role of National Forest Policy in conservation.
Shaktimatha Learning | Geography Optional – Paper II | Page 6
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